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HV Divider

Posted: Thu Jan 03, 2019 2:57 pm
by Cristiano_Machado
Hello,

I read the FAQ "Measuring Fusor Voltage Part III - HV Divider" viewtopic.php?f=29&t=8841 and one of the recommendations is to use an array of 20 x 5 meg 1 watt resistors to make a 100 meg resistor.

I would like to know if it is possible to use an array of 10 x 10 meg ohms 1 watt resistors? That means each resistor will have 1.000 Volts across it. Will it breaking down or arcing?

Thanks,

Cristiano

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Thu Jan 03, 2019 2:59 pm
by Cristiano_Machado
Please fell free to transfer/erase if this question belongs to "New User Chat Area".

Regards,

Cristiano

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Thu Jan 03, 2019 11:11 pm
by Rich Feldman
It's good that you know about resistor voltage limits, that apply independently of the power limits.

Many "1 watt" resistors have formal voltage ratings of only 500 volts (and many 1/2 watt resistors say 350 volts).
These voltage limits are softer than those for capacitors and semiconductor devices.
They're not about breakdown or arc-over, as much as long term stability of R value.

Here's a snip from one datasheet:
cff.JPG

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Fri Jan 04, 2019 5:22 am
by Dennis P Brown
A great post, Mr. Feldman; I didn't know that.

As for voltage dividers, do realize that very high meg resistors designed for high voltages are available rather cheap on ebay. They are much longer than most similar resistors but often, a bit short for real use. For this reason I place them under oil. Besides preventing arc over, this eliminates corona issues as well.

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Fri Jan 04, 2019 6:26 am
by Rex Allers
If it was me, I'd stalk ebay looking for some high value, high voltage resistors, made for something like this. I like something in the 100M to 1G range and voltage rated for 10-30kv. That should be easier and more stable than a bunch of lower value R's. I've gotten a number this way over the last several years at <$10 each (often <$5 ea).

I like Ohmite Mox resistors if I can find something suitable. You should be able to download datasheets to get an idea what they are and look like. There are several flavors of Mox resistors...
[slim, mini, maxi]-mox

Hopefully you understand how to calculate the divider chain for some practical division ratio. Need ohms law and series/parallel resistance calcs. Also figuring out the minimum wattage of resistors needed for the voltage and resistance you are using.

Searching for something right on ebay is hard with so many resistors on there. Obviously one search term is 'resistor', then might add hv, meg, kv. I've also searched for particular voltage ratings like 10kv, 20kv, 30kv. It's not easy to find the good stuff.

Knowing that the Ohmite mox families are good, I just searched for 'resistor mox'. One reasonable result was:
"Ohmite 208 300m MEG Slim-Mox 1% Resistor Thick Film / SM208023006F" at $6.69 and "ships to worldwide"
(There are a number with US-only shipping but that wouldn't work for you.)

Looking that P/N up in an Ohmite datasheet it's: Slim-Mox 300Meg 5W 20KV

For a 40-50KV source, I'd use at least 3 of these in series in the divider.

So, just giving you an idea of another way to go.
It's a bit tedious to find the good stuff. Some of the hits I saw were very expensive, like >$20 each, and finding good search terms is hard. There may be a lot of China new parts. I bought some lower value power ceramics a while back. The slightest mechanical stress broke the wires from the resistor body.
I also bought some high voltage R's from Ukraine and they seemed OK.

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Fri Jan 04, 2019 9:10 pm
by John Futter
I would buy a box of VR68 5M1 series resistors from Vishay available from digikey etc
$0.28 each a box = 500 so about US$150 ish a box share with another member
each resistor is designed to cope with 10kV but this may be less due to actual dissipation limit of 1 watt --you work it out

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Sat Jan 05, 2019 7:48 pm
by Cristiano_Machado
Rich, Dennis, Rex and John,

Thank you for all the advises. It really helped.

I will look for an appropriate resistor. Unhappily, here in Brazil it is not so easy to find parts and the import tax are very high.

Regards,

Cristiano

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Sun Jan 06, 2019 6:42 am
by Dennis P Brown
Using lower voltage resistors is fine if you create a long enough string and place them in oil (to prevent arc over and corona issues. Synthetic motor oil is very good for this purpose. The oil submersion makes existing solder joint issues a lot less of a problem.) Using a glass tube to hold the resistor string and contain the oil inside is simple, and further prevents arcing.

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Fri Jan 18, 2019 8:38 pm
by Rich Feldman
Just got a minor disappointment about resistor working voltage ratings, while making a proportional counter tube bias supply.
This started with a 0-100 microamp meter, whose scale card is now marked for 0-3000 volts.
kolo2.JPG
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So the external resistance needs to be 30 megohms. I made it out of ten 3.01 M resistors. They were handy, and the voltage loading is 300 V per resistor. Even 1 M would be above the critical resistance value for all sizes of ordinary axial-lead resistors. That means the package voltage limit is more restrictive than the package power limit.

The resistors are what I'm used to calling 1/4 watt size. Marked with their ohms value and RN55D, a popular mil-style identifier for standard electrical and package specs. RN55D's can be side-stacked on 0.1 inch centers -- nominal body diameter 0.09 inches, length 0.24 or 0.25 inches. Here set up for a calibration measurement (initial readings 1% low, so 10th R should be replaced with about 2.7 MΩ)
kolo3.JPG
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Some Internet searching, to back up my voltage limit story, found the MIL-R-10509 standard. https://33audio.com/enter/data/M10509G.pdf
That's surprisingly conservative. RN55 is rated 1/8 W, 200 V at 70 degrees C. To get 1/4 W and 300 V, you need a RN60 (typ. body diameter 0.145 inches).
*Today's datasheet for CMF55/RN55 from Vishay Dale calls it 1/8 W, 200 V. https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/427/ ... 223788.pdf
*TT Electronics has a data row for RN55D saying "nominal size 1/4 W", but the voltage rating is still 200 V. https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/414/RN-1509383.pdf
*The green-hued table I posted early in this thread has a 1/4 W, 250 V resistor series very slightly bigger than my RN55D's.

I'm going to use this meter at 300 V per resistor and not lose any sleep about it. No mass production, high reliability, or life support requirement. The voltage ratings are so low that external arc-over is a non issue, and I would not consider the margins to be improved by oil immersion.
I bet fusor people, like Tesla coil people, all have friends who have gotten away with abusing electronic components. :-)

p.s. Chose not to use these little guys from the surplus store. I found data sheets for similar R's, with radial leads 0.4 inches apart, rated 1/2 watt and 4000 volts. Anybody recognize the part number in picture?
unkolo.JPG
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Re: HV Divider

Posted: Thu Jan 24, 2019 9:30 pm
by Rich Feldman
So what about HV measurement accuracy? I think that with ordinary resistor and panel meter tolerances, a careful do-it-yourselfer can make an instrument good to about 5% without calibration. Probably fine for almost all fusor purposes, as long as the response is smooth and repeatable from day to day. It's easy to build in some adjustability -- often easier than accessing a trustworthy 4- or 5-digit voltage reference.

Today I got to use an industrial HiPot tester with a valid, dated cal-lab sticker. Found it set to deliver 2.13 kV, a value dictated by some TÜV standard for testing products that plug in. Using that as a voltage reference, tweaked
1. the DC Kolovolts meter, and
2. the "AC/DC kV meter" whose divider schematic appears at top of NST power thread: viewtopic.php?f=11&t=12407&p=80759
The latter has now been adjusted to indicate average rectified DC, instead of indicating RMS of sinusoidal AC.
0124091726.jpg
.
The AC/DC kV meter's trimpot bottomed out before sensitivity was low enough, so I had to reduce the fixed resistor value.
The analog meter got a 1 MΩ trimpot installed. Resistance measurements of combined circuit were unexpectedly low, and caused some wailing about flux removal and surface leakage currents on permeable perf-board stock. Until I discovered that the trimpot had been mis-measured by me, and was actually a 1 K device.
kolo5.JPG
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Warning 1: measured input resistance of the LED panel meter (nominally 100k) varied over a 30% range, depending on whether power was On or Off, and on which direction the external ohmeter was connected.

Warning 2: resistance of ancient carbon-composition resistors with color bands was often far outside of the color-coded tolerance -- too high more often than too low. One striped for 470k 10% was measured to be 540k, well within the distribution of 470k's picked from my parts box, and about the value I wanted. After soldering on both leads, close to the body, that specimen was measured to be 650k, and stayed there.

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Sun Feb 03, 2019 1:43 pm
by Rich Feldman
Cristiano, please excuse me for using this thread to carry on about HV dividers.
I got a surprise last night, about behavior of plain resistors at high voltage.

This was while load-testing my detector tube bias supply, using an assortment of resistors from the junk box.
The parts for charge amplifier has arrived earlier than expected, so it was time to stop playing with the HV bias supply design. Get off the pot, as they say. HV supply will be properly reported in its own thread, after I find the camera, or finally get me a smart phone.

DC voltage and current were measured directly with the home-made instruments shown in NST Power thread.
But in round 1, only the voltages were measured. Then the currents were computed using the I=V/R formula (I=U/R in Europe, which nicely avoids using a variable letter that's the same as its unit of measurement symbol. Who else was ever taught I=E/R? )

Here's a chart that summarizes the results:
kolo6.JPG
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.
The red dot measurements are repeatable, and they are based on R values measured with a 6-digit benchtop multimeter.
The load resistors responsible for the out-of-line points are NOS 2-watt carbon-composition resistors in single digit megohm values.
I bet we're actually seeing a large voltage-dependent resistance change, at the levels applied for a few seconds in my experiment.

p.s. The supply is based on small variac, tiny NST, 30-kV rectifier diode, and a 0.01-uF output capacitor. It was "softened" by putting a 1.5K power resistor in series with NST primary. The capacitor is to reduce HV ripple when load resistance is many tens of megohms.

Re: HV Divider

Posted: Sun Feb 03, 2019 2:30 pm
by Cristiano_Machado
Hello Mr. Feldman,

Thank you for the information, and fell free to keep posting contribution to this thread. It helps to better understand this issue.

I studied a bit and decided to use two Omite 200 MOhms 1% thick film resistors, rated to 20kV, but the voltage will be limited to 17kV maximum in each resistor.

Regards,

Cristiano